This paper provides empirical evidence and robust statistical analysis that demonstrates both positive and negative effects coexist, helping to reconcile the inconsistencies found so far in the literature. The empirical model's explanatory power is 45.1%. The findings point to an overall positive indirect impact of social media usage on psychological well-being, mainly due to the positive effect of bonding and bridging social capital. The paper includes a quantitative study of 940 social media users from Mexico, using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses. Building on contributions from various fields in the literature, it provides a more comprehensive study of the phenomenon by considering a set of mediators, including social capital types (i.e., bonding social capital and bridging social capital), social isolation, and smartphone addiction. This paper's main objective is to shed light on the effect of social media use on psychological well-being. The growth in social media use has given rise to concerns about the impacts it may have on users' psychological well-being. 6Business School, Shandong University, Weihai, China.5Department of Business Administration, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Israel.3Department of Business Administration, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration (IBA) University, Sukkur, Pakistan.2Research Unit of Governance, Competitiveness, and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Center for Economics and Finance (cef.up), School of Economics and Management, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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